Ernest Miller Hemingway
(July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961)
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born at eight o’clock in the morning on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park,
Illinois. A
suburb just outside of Chicago, Oak Park was a growing, middle class, Protestant community at
the
turn of
the
century.
Early life.
Ernest was the second child born into the family after his older sister Marcelline. Ernest was
baptized
later
that year on his parents anniversary in October 1899. The family would eventually grow to
include six
children,
three more sisters Ursula, Carol, Madeline (Sunny) and a younger brother Leicester.
Up to 4 years old, mother dressed Ernest Hemingway in outfits for girls. She did it because she
dreamed
of
the
birth of a girl for a long time. It is worth noting, that in addition to dresses Hemingway’s
mother put
white
bows on his hair.
As a boy, he was taught by his father to hunt and fish along the shores and in the forests
surrounding
Lake
Michigan. The Hemingways had a summer house called Windemere on Walloon Lake in northern
Michigan, and
the
family would spend the summer months there trying to stay cool. Hemingway would either fish the
different
streams that ran into the lake or would take the rowboat out to do some fishing there.
He would also go squirrel hunting
in the
woods near
the
summer house, discovering
early in life the serenity to be found while alone in the forest or wading a stream. It was
something he
could
always go back to throughout his life, wherever he was. Nature would be the touchstone of
Hemingway’s
life
and
work, and though he often found himself living in major cities like Chicago, Toronto and Paris
early in
his
career, once he became successful, he chose somewhat isolated places to live like Key West, or
San
Francisco
de
Paula, Cuba, or Ketchum, Idaho. All were convenient locales for hunting and fishing.
When he wasn’t hunting or fishing his mother taught him music.
Grace was an accomplished singer
who once
had a
career
on stage, but
eventually settled down with her husband and occupied her time by giving voice and music lessons
to
local
children, including her own. Hemingway never had a knack for music and suffered through choir
practices
and
cello lessons, however, the musical knowledge he acquired from his mother helped him share in
his first
wife
Hadley’s interest in the piano.
Hemingway went to the Oak Park public school. In high school he was into sports, playing
football,
swimming,
water basketball and serving as the track team manager. Then Ernest became seriously interested
in
Boxing,
which, in fact, made him disabled. During one of the fights with his opponent, Hemingway got a
severe
head
injury. As a result, Ernest Hemingway almost stopped seeing with his left eye and hearing with
his left
ear.
In
this regard, he could not pass a medical examination for military service for a long time.
Hemingway enjoyed working on the high school newspaper called The Trapeze, where he wrote his
first
articles,
usually humorous pieces in the style of Ring Lardner, a popular satirist of the time. Hemingway
graduated in
the
spring of 1917 and instead of going to college the following fall he took a job as a cub
reporter for
the
Kansas
CityStar; the job was arranged by his Uncle Tyler who was a close friend of the chief editorial
writer
of
the
paper.
World War I
At the time of Hemingway’s graduation from High School, World
War I was raging in Europe, and despite Woodrow Wilson’s attempts to keep America out of the
war, the
United
States
joined the Allies in the fight against Germany and Austria in April 1917. When Hemingway turned
eighteen
he
tried to
enlist in the army, but was deferred because of poor vision; he had a bad left eye that he
probably
inherited
from
his mother, who also had poor vision. When he heard the Red Cross was taking volunteers as
ambulance
drivers
he
quickly signed up. He was accepted in December of 1917, left his job at the paper in April of
1918, and
sailed
for
Europe in May. In the short time that Hemingway worked for the Kansas City Star, he learned some
stylistic
lessons
that would later influence his fiction. The newspaper advocated short sentences, short
paragraphs,
active
verbs,
authenticity, compression, clarity and immediacy. Hemingway later said: «Those were the best
rules I
ever
learned
for the business of writing. I’ve never forgotten them.»
Hemingway first went to Paris upon reaching Europe, then travelled to Milan in early June after
receiving
his
orders. He was sent to an ambulance unit in the town of Schio, where he worked driving
ambulances. On
July
8,
1918,
only a few weeks after arriving, Hemingway was seriously wounded by fragments from an Austrian
mortar
shell,
which
had landed just a few feet away.
Hemingway’s wounding along the Piave River in Italy and his subsequent recovery at a hospital in
Milan,
including
the relationship with his nurse Agnes von Kurowsky, all inspired his great novel A Farewell To
Arms.
Toronto and Chicago
Hemingway returned home early in 1919 to a time of readjustment. Before the age of 20, he had
gained
from
the
war a maturity that was at odds with living at home without a job and with the need for
recuperation. As
Reynolds explains, «Hemingway could not really tell his parents what he thought when he saw his
bloody
knee.» He
was not able to tell them how scared he had been «in another country with surgeons who could not
tell
him in
English if his leg was coming off or not.»
After recuperating at home, Hemingway renewed his efforts at writing, for a while worked at odd
jobs in
Chicago,
and sailed for France as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. A family friend offered
him a job
in
Toronto,
and with nothing else to do, he accepted. Later that year he began as a freelancer and staff
writer for
the
Toronto Star Weekly. He returned to Michigan the following June and
then moved to Chicago in
September
1920
to
live with friends, while still filing stories for the Toronto Star.
In Chicago, he worked as an associate editor of the monthly journal Cooperative Commonwealth,
where he
met
novelist Sherwood
Anderson.
In September, he took a fishing and camping trip with high school friends to the back-country of Michigan’s Upper
Peninsula. The trip
became the inspiration for his short story «Big
Two-Hearted River», in which the
semi-autobiographical character Nick
Adams. takes to the country to find solitude after returning from war.
It was in Chicago that Hemingway met Hadley
Richardson, the woman who would become his first wife. The couple
married and quickly moved to Paris, where Hemingway worked as a foreign correspondent for the
Star.
Paris
Hemingway of the early Paris years was a «tall, handsome, muscular, broad-shouldered,
brown-eyed,
rosy-cheeked,
square-jawed, soft-voiced young man.» He and Hadley lived in a small walk-up at 74 rue du
Cardinal
Lemoine
in
the Latin Quarter, and
he worked
in
a
rented room in a nearby building. Stein, who was the bastion of modernism in Paris, became Hemingway’s mentor
and godmother to his son Jack; she introduced him to the expatriate artists and writers of the
Montparnasse
Quarter ,
whom she
referred
to as the «Lost
Generation» —
a
term
Hemingway popularized with the publication of The
Sun Also Rises. A regular at Stein’s salon, Hemingway met influential painters such as
Pablo Picasso , Joan Miró,
and Juan Gris.
During his first 20 months in Paris, Hemingway filed 88 stories for the Toronto Star newspaper.
He
covered
the Greco-Turkish War,
where he
witnessed the burning of Smyrna, and wrote travel pieces such as «Tuna Fishing
in Spain» and «Trout Fishing All Across Europe: Spain Has the Best, Then Germany». Hemingway was
devastated
on
learning that Hadley had lost a suitcase filled with his manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon as she
was
travelling
to Geneva to meet him in December 1922. The following September, the couple returned to Toronto,
where
their
son
John Hadley
Nicanor was
born
on
October 10, 1923. During their absence, Hemingway’s first book, Three Stories
and Ten Poems, was published. Two of the stories it contained were all that remained
after the
loss
of
the
suitcase, and the third had been written early the previous year in Italy. Within months a
second
volume, in
our
time (without capitals), was published. The small volume included six vignettes and a dozen
stories
Hemingway
had written the previous summer during his first visit to Spain, where he discovered the thrill
of the
corrida.
He missed Paris, considered Toronto boring, and wanted to return to the life of a writer, rather
than
live
the
life of a journalist. Hemingway, Hadley and their son (nicknamed Bumby) returned to Paris in
January
1924
and
moved into a new apartment on the rue Notre-Dame des Champs.
Hemingway made his debut in American literature with the publication of the short story
collection
In
Our
Time (1925). The vignettes that now constitute the interchapters of the American version were
initially
published in Europe as in our time (1924). This work was important for Hemingway, reaffirming to
him
that
his
minimalist style could be accepted by the literary community. «The Big Two-Hearted River» is the
collection’s
best-known story.
It is the tale of a man, Nick Adams, who goes out camping along a river to fish, while at
the same
time
suffering flashbacks to traumatic, wartime memories. Adams struggles with his grim experiences
of death
until he
finds peace through the act of partaking in nature by coming to the river to fish.
Advised and encouraged by other American writers in Paris — F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ezra
Pound—he began to see his nonjournalistic work appear in print there, and in 1925 his
first
important
book, a
collection of stories called In Our Time, was published in New York City; it was originally
released in
Paris in
1924.
In Paris, Hemingway soon became a key part of what Gertrude Stein would famously call «The
Lost
Generation.» With Stein as his mentor, Hemingway made the acquaintance of many of the great
writers and
artists
of his generation, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Pablo Picasso and James Joyce. In
1923,
Hemingway
and Hadley had a son, John Hadley Nicanor Hemingway. By this time the writer had also begun
frequenting
the
famous Festival of San Fermin in Pamplona, Spain.
In 1925, the couple, joining a group of British and American expatriates, took a trip to
the
festival
that
would later provide the basis of Hemingway’s first novel, The Sun Also Rises. The novel is
widely
considered
Hemingway’s greatest work, artfully examining the postwar disillusionment of his generation.
Soon after the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway and Hadley divorced, due in
part to
his
affair
with a woman named Pauline
Pfeiffer,
who would become Hemingway’s second wife shortly after his divorce from
Hadley was finalized. The author continued to work on his book of short stories, Men Without Women.
In 1926 he published The Sun Also Rises, a novel with which he scored his first solid
success. A
pessimistic but sparkling book, it deals with a group of aimless expatriates in France and
Spain—members
of
the
postwar Lost Generation, a phrase that Hemingway scorned while making it famous. This work also
introduced
him
to the limelight, which he both craved and resented for the rest of his life. Hemingway’s The
Torrents
of
Spring, a parody of the American writer Sherwood Anderson’s book Dark Laughter, also appeared in
1926.
The writing of books occupied Hemingway for most of the postwar years. He remained based
in Paris,
but
he
travelled widely for the skiing, bullfighting, fishing, and hunting that by then had become part
of his
life
and
formed the background for much of his writing. His position as a master of short fiction had
been
advanced
by
Men Without Women in 1927 and thoroughly established with the stories in Winner Take Nothing in 1933. Among
his
finest stories are “The Killers,” “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,” and “The Snows of
Kilimanjaro.” At
least in the public view, however, the novel A Farewell to Arms (1929) overshadowed such works.
Reaching
back to
his experience as a young soldier in Italy, Hemingway developed a grim but lyrical novel of
great power,
fusing
love story with a war story.
Soon, Pauline became pregnant and the couple decided to move back to America. After the
birth of
their
son
Patrick Hemingway in 1928, they settled in Key West, Florida, but summered in Wyoming. During
this time,
Hemingway finished his celebrated World War I novel A Farewell to Arms, securing his lasting
place in
the
literary canon.
Key West and the Caribbean
During the early 1930s, Hemingway spent his winters in Key West, Florida, and summers in
Wyoming,
where he
found «the most beautiful country he had seen in the American West» and hunted deer, elk, and
grizzly
bear.
His third son, Gregory Hancock Hemingway, was born a year later on November 12, 1931, in
Kansas
City.
The
writer’s wife’s (Pauline’s) uncle bought the couple a house in Key West with a carriage house, the second floor of which was
converted
into
a writing studio. While in Key West, Hemingway frequently invited friends to join him on fishing
trips.
In 1933, Hemingway
and Pauline
went on
safari to
East Africa. The 10-week trip provided material for Green Hills of Africa, as well as for the
short
story
«The
Snows of Kilimanjaro. The couple visited Mombasa, Nairobi, and Machakos in Kenya; then moved on
to
Tanganyika
Territory, where they hunted in the Serengeti, around Lake Manyara, and west and southeast of
present-day
Tarangire National Park.
Unfortunately, during these travels, Hemingway contracted amoebic dysentery and had to be
evacuated by
plane to Nairobi, an experience reflected in «The Snows of Kilimanjaro».
Ernest Miller Hemingway –A journalist? A patriot? A soldier?
Spanish Civil War
However, the future writer began his travels long before the front experience. Being a
child,
Ernest
and his
father, who worked as a doctor, went hunting, fishing or visited Indian reservations.
In 1941, Hemingway
went to
Baltimore,
where he bought a large marine boat at a local shipyard, giving it the
name «Pilar».
He was in contact with the American anti-submarine forces and helped the naval forces of
the area
and
the
American government in the Caribbean. Ernest used his fishing yacht “Pilar” as a bait for German
submarines
that
torpedoed allied tankers near Cuba from the West on their way from Venezuela to American and
British
ports.
Ernest hoped that some submarines would come to the Pilar with a purpose to demand food
and other
supplies or
would float up to recharge the batteries, and he would be able to sink it. 
Pilar cruised among the
Islands off
the North coast of Cuba, ready to drop its bomb on the first submarine that would appear above
the
water.
(Pilar» was a wooden vessel.) Once they saw a model 740 submarine from afar, and they even
managed to
get
within
a mile of it. But the boat headed Northwest and disappeared. Hemingway’s dream to damage a
German
submarine
never came true.
Battles in Europe
In 1944, Hemingway
participated in
combat
flights of bombers over Germany and occupied France. And during the
landing of the allies in Normandy, he got permission to participate in combat and intelligence
operations.
Ernest
stands at the head of French partisans numbering about 200 people and participates in the
battles for
Paris,
Belgium, Alsace, in the breakthrough of the «Siegfried line», and is often seen at the
forefront.
In 1947, Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star* for his bravery during World War
II.
* The Bronze Star Medal, unofficially the Bronze Star, is a United States decoration awarded to
members
of
the
United States Armed Forces for either heroic achievement, heroic service, special achievement,
or
service in
a
combat zone.
He was recognized for having been «under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate
picture of
conditions».
Thus, the data available to us show that Hemingway worked in the 40s and 50s also on novels
about the
WWII
and
«marine life», on books about Paris in twenties («Holiday, which is always with you») and the
bullfight
in
Spain
(«Dangerous summer»), and possibly on other major works.
In March 1964, in an interview with the correspondent of «Ogoniok» Hemingway’s widow said that
there is
one
unpublished novel left. This is an epic work that covers a significant period of time, including
the
years
of the
second world war. «The old man and the sea» is the part of the novel.
The novel «Across the river and into the trees» —is often referred to the Second World
War.
In the fall of 1948,
Ernest
Hemingway made
his
first extended visit to Italy in thirty years. His reacquaintance
with Venice, a city he loved, provided the inspiration for “Across the River and into the
Trees”, the
story
of
Richard Cantwell, an American colonel stationed in Italy at the close of the Second World War,
and his
love
for a
young Italian countess. “Across the River and into the Trees” is Hemingway’s response to the
great
dehumanizing
atrocities of the Second World War. It is Hemingway’s last full-length novel published in his
lifetime.
Ernest Hemingway in Cuba
In early 1939,
Hemingway crossed
to Cuba
in
his boat to live in Havana. This was the separation phase of a slow and painful split from
Pauline,
which
began when Hemingway met Martha Gellhorn.
Martha soon joined him in Cuba, and they rented «Finca Vigía» («Lookout Farm»), a 15-acre
property 15
miles
from Havana. They were married on November 20, 1940, in Cheyenne,
Wyoming.
Gellhorn
inspired
him to write one of his most famous novels For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he started in March
1939 and
finished in July 1940. It became a Book-of-the-Month Club choice, sold half a million copies
within
months,
was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and «triumphantly re-established Hemingway’s literary
reputation» in
the
words of Meyers.
In December 1941 he convinced the Cuban government to help him refit his boat the Pilar, which
he
intended
to use to ambush German submarines off the coast of Cuba.
The platonic love affair
inspired
the novel
Across the River and into the Trees, written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary. The
following
year,
furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees, he wrote the draft of
The Old
Man
and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was «the best I can write ever for all of my life».
The Old
Man
and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and
won the
Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.
In October
1954,
Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Mellow says Hemingway «had coveted the Nobel
Prize»,
but
when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing worldwide press coverage,
«there must
have
been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway’s mind that his obituary notices had played a part in
the
academy’s
decision.» Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against
traveling to
Stockholm. Instead, he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer’s life:
Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer’s
loneliness but I
doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and
often his
work
deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face
eternity, or the
lack of it, each day.
In November
1956, while
staying
in
Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved.
Upon
re-claiming and opening the trunks, Hemingway discovered they were filled with notebooks and
writing
from
his Paris years. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in early 1957, he began
to shape
the
recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast. By 1959 he ended a period of intense activity:
he
finished
A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought True at First Light to
200,000
words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden; and worked on Islands in the Stream. The last three
were
stored
in a safe deposit box in Havana, as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast.
Author
Michael
Reynolds claims it was during this period that Hemingway slid into depression, from which he was
unable
to
recover.
The
Finca
Vigia
became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway, beginning to become unhappy with life
there,
considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River,
outside
Ketchum, and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government,
telling
The
New York Times he was «delighted» with Castro’s overthrow of Batista.
He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho,
and the
following year for his 60th birthday; however, that year he and Mary decided to leave after
hearing the
news
that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals.
On July 25, 1960, the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a
bank
vault in
Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Finca Vigia was expropriated by the Cuban
government,
complete with Hemingway’s collection of «four to six thousand books»
Test yourself
Define inaccuracies in the pictures referring to the beginning of the text.
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born at eight o’clock in the morning on July 21, 1899, in Oak
Park,
Illinois. A suburb just outside of Chicago, Oak Park was a growing, middle class, Protestant
community at the turn of the century.
Find Illinois on the map.
Concerning that Hemingway was baptized, identify religion that refers to the act of baptism
Christianity
Buddhism
Judaism
Islam
Find Hemingway among famous professional boxers.
Hemingway used to work on high school newspaper The Trapeze. You can see 4
geometrical
figures and 5 definitions. One statement is extra. After you read the definitions
try to
compare them to the pictures.
| It is a four-sided figure which is created by connecting 4 line segments. The line segments are all of the equal lengths and they come together to form 4 right angles. |
|
| It is a shape where all points have the same distance from the centre. Few real-world examples include a wheel, dining plate, coin etc. Drawing it properly isn’t easy with a running hand. |
|
| It has three sides and three angles. | |
| It has a flat shape with four sides, where two of the sides are parallel | |
| It is a figure in the shape of an egg, or of an ellipse. |
What musical instrument did Hemingway play? Look and listen.
Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the words written in capitalized
letters.
Ernest Hemingway enlisted as an ambulance driver with the American Red Cross,
arriving in Paris in May 1918, while the city
(TO
BE) under German bombardment, before moving on to the Italian
front. By June, he was at the Italian Front. On his first day in Milan, he
(SEND) to retrieve the workers injured in a munitions
factory explosion.
While running a mobile canteen in Fossalta di Piave, he
(WOUND) two weeks before his 19th birthday by Austrian
mortar fire. Although severely wounded in both legs, he
(TO
CARRY) an injured Italian soldier to safety and
(TO
HIT) again by machine-gun fire – an event that saw Hemingway
become one of the first Americans to be awarded the Italian Silver Medal of
Bravery.
Sent to recuperate for six months in a hospital in Milan, he fell in love
with an American nurse called Agnes von Kurowsky and
(TO
RETURN) to Illinois at the end of the war, expecting
(SHE) to marry him. Instead, she informed him she
(BECOME) engaged to an Italian officer and Hemingway was
left alone to face a home town that remained the same while his perceptions
of life had been skewed forever.
Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the words written in capitalized
letters.
The Sun Also
Rises
Men without Women. In Another
Country
The Old Man and the
Sea
For Whom the Bell
Tolls
A Farewell to
Arms
The Nick Adams
Stories
A. He did not need a compass to tell him where
southwest was. He only needed the feel of the trade wind and the drawing of
the sail. I better put a small line out with a spoon on it and try and get
something to eat and drink for the moisture. But he could not find a spoon
and his sardines were rotten. So he hooked a patch of yellow Gulf weed with
the gaff as they passed and shook it so that the small shrimps that were in
it fell onto the planking of the skiff. There were more than a dozen of them
and they jumped and kicked like sand fleas. The old man pinched their heads
off with his thumb and forefinger and ate them chewing up the shells and the
tails. They were very tiny but he knew they were nourishing and they tasted
good.
B. In the late summer of that year we lived in a
house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the
mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and
white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the
channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they
raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were
dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching
along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze,
falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white
except for the leaves.
C. Robert Cohn was a member, through his father,
of one of the richest Jewish families in New York, and through his mother of
one of the oldest. At the military school where he prepped for Princeton,
and played a very good end on the football team, no one had made him
race-conscious. No one had ever made him feel he was a Jew, and hence any
different from anybody else, until he went to Princeton. He was a nice boy,
a friendly boy, and very shy, and it made him bitter. He took it out in
boxing, and he came out of Princeton with painful self-consciousness and the
flattened nose, and was married by the first girl who was nice to him.
D. We all had the same medals, except the boy
with the black silk bandage across his face, and he had not been at the
front long enough to get any medals. The tall boy with a very pale face who
was to be a lawyer had been a lieutenant of Arditi and had three medals of
the sort we each had only one of. He had lived a very long time with death
and was a little detached. We were all a little detached, and there was
nothing that held us together except that we met every afternoon at the
hospital. Although, as we walked to the Cova through the tough part of town,
walking in the dark, with light and singing coming out of the wine-shops,
and sometimes having to walk into the street when the men and women would
crowd together on the sidewalk so that we would have had to jostle them to
get by, we felt held together by there being something that had happened
that they, the people who disliked us, did not understand.
E. Nick looked at the wagon and wondered where it
was going, whether the driver lived near the Mississippi and whether he ever
went fishing. The wagon lurched out of sight up the road and Nick thought of
the World Series game going on in New York. He thought of Happy Felsch’s
home run in the first game he had watched at the White Sox Park, Slim Solee
swinging far forward, his knee nearly touching the ground and the white dot
of the ball on its far trajectory toward the green fence at center field,
Felsch, his head down, tearing for the stuffed white square at first base
and then the exulting roar from the spectators as the ball landed in a knot
of scrambling fans in the open bleachers.
F. They were all eating out of the platter, not
speaking, as is the Spanish custom. It was rabbit cooked with onions and
green peppers and there were chickpeas in the red wine sauce. It was well
cooked, the rabbit meat flaked off the bones, and the sauce was delicious.
Robert Jordan drank another cup of wine while he ate. The girl watched him
all through the meal. Everyone else was watching his food and eating. Robert
Jordan wiped up the last of the sauce in front of him with a piece of bread,
piled the rabbit bones to one side, wiped the spot where they had been for
sauce, then wiped his fork clean with the bread, wiped his knife and put it
away and ate the bread. He leaned over and dipped his cup full of wine and
the girl still watched him.
Arrange Hemingway’s novels in chronological order
Read an extract from The Snows of Kilimanjaro. Complete the gaps with the words from the
list on the right. Use each word once. There are three extra words.
increasing
spreading
blizzard
scattering
brightly
hardly
heavy
getting
waterfall
avalanche
The boys had picked up the cot and carried it around the green tents and down along the rock
and out onto the plain and along past the smudges that were burning
now, the grass all
consumed, and the wind fanning the fire, to the little plane. It was difficult
him in, but once in he lay
back in the leather seat, and the leg was stuck straight out to one side of the seat where
Compton sat. Compton started the motor and got in. He waved to Helen and to the boys and, as
the clatter moved into the old familiar roar, they swung around with Compie watching for
warthog holes and roared, bumping, along the stretch between the fires and with the last
bump rose and he saw them all standing below, waving, and the camp beside the hill,
flattening now, and the plain
, clumps of trees, and the
bush flattening, while the game trails ran now smoothly to the dry waterholes, and there was
a new water that he had never known of. The zebra, small rounded backs now, and the
wildebeest, big-headed dots seeming to climb as they moved in long fingers across the plain,
now
as the shadow came toward
them, they were tiny now, and the movement had no gallop, and the plain as far as you could
see, gray-yellow now and ahead old Compie’s tweed back and the brown felt hat. Then they
were over the first hills and the wildebeests were trailing up them, and then they were over
mountains with sudden depths of green-rising forest and the solid bamboo slopes, and then
the
forest again, sculptured
into peaks and hollows until they crossed, and hills sloped down and then another plain, hot
now, and purple brown, bumpy with heat and Compie looking back to see how he was riding.
Then there were other mountains dark ahead.
And then instead of going on to Arusha they turned left, he evidently figured that they had
the gas, and looking down he saw a pink sifting cloud, moving over the ground, and in the
air, like the first snow in a
, that comes from nowhere,
and he knew the locusts were coming, up from the South. Then they began to climb and they
were going to the East it seemed, and then it darkened and they were in a storm, the rain so
thick it seemed like flying through a
, and then they were out and
Compie turned his head and grinned and pointed and there, ahead, all he could see, as wide
as all the world, great, high, and unbelievably white in the sun, was the square top of
Kilimanjaro. And then he knew that there was where he was going
Discuss the following questions with a partner:
How important was travelling in the writer’s life?
How did it influence the content and style of his writing?
Compare Hemingway’s house with a writing studio in Florida and his travelling experience.
Which, in your opinion, is it more important to have for a writer: a comfortable permanent
place for work or exciting experiences and constant change of scene?
TRUE, FALSE, NOT STATED
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form
a word that fits in the gap in the same line.
|
In 1940 Hemingway, with his new wife Martha, purchased a home outside Havana, Cuba. He would live there for the next twenty years. The Hemingways named the site Finca Vigia, or “lookout farm.” They shared their home with dozens of Hemingway’s cats, as |
LOVE |
| well as trophies from many hunts and fishing expeditions. | SUCCESS |
| Hemingway became a fixture of Havana and stayed in the country longer than many Americans chose to after between Cuba and the United States began to deteriorate. |
RELATE |
| He fished aboard his boat, Pilar, and enjoyed the island lifestyle, hanging out in Havana, and entertaining guests at the Finca. |
EXTENSE |
| His home, with many original furnishings, hunting trophies, and personal artifacts can be viewed . |
DAY |
| When not fishing or traveling, Hemingway wrote a great deal from his Cuban home. While little of his work from this time was published during his lifetime, many of the projects that Hemingway worked on throughout the 1940s were later edited and published after his . |
DIE |
The Old Man and the Sea
The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in
1951 in Cuba, and published in 1952. It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that
was published during his lifetime. One of his most famous works, it tells the story of
Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf
Stream off the coast of Cuba.
In 1953, The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and the Nobel
Committee cited it as contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to
Hemingway in 1954.
Russian animator Aleksandr Petrov made a paint-on-glass-animated short film based on the
novel The Old Man and the Sea. The film won many awards, including the Academy Award for
Best Animated Short Film.
Watch the film by Aleksandr Petrov and do the task according to it.
Mark if the statements (1-9) are true (T), false (F) or the information is not
stated (NS) in the film.
Техническая поддержка и реализация проекта в сети: Булыгина Т. О.
Key West and the Caribbean
Winner Take Nothing
Winner
Take
Nothing is
a 1933 collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway’s third
and final
collection of stories, it was published four years after A Farewell to Arms
(1929),
and
a year after his non-fiction book about bullfighting, Death in the
Afternoon.
Winner Take Nothing was published on 27 October 1933 by Scribner’s with a
first
edition
print-run of approximately 20,000 copies. The volume included the following
stories:
- «After the Storm»
- «A Clean, Well-Lighted Place»
- «The Light of the World»
- «God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen»
- «The Sea Change»
- «A Way You’ll Never Be»
- «The Mother of a Queen»
- «One Reader Writes»
- «Homage to Switzerland»
- «A Day’s Wait»
- «A Natural History of the Dead»
- «Wine of Wyoming»
- «The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio»
- «Fathers and Sons»
Men Without Women
Men Without Women
(1927)
is
the second collection of short stories written by American author Ernest
Hemingway
(July
21, 1899 – July 2, 1961). The volume consists of fourteen stories, ten of
which had
been
previously published in magazines. It was published in October 1927, with a
first
print-run of approximately 7600 copies at $2.
The subject matter of the stories in the collection includes
bullfighting,
prizefighting, infidelity, divorce, and death. «The Killers», «Hills Like
White
Elephants», and «In Another Country» are considered to be among Hemingway’s
best
work.
Pauline Marie Pfeiffer
Ezra
Weston
Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an
expatriate American poet and critic, and a major figure in the early
modernist
poetry
movement. His contribution to poetry began with his development of Imagism,
a
movement
derived from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity,
precision,
concision, and economy of language. His works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh
Selwyn
Mauberley (1920) and the unfinished 120-section epic, The Cantos
(1917–1969).
Pauline Marie Pfeiffer (July 22, 1895 – October 1, 1951) was an
American
journalist and the second wife of writer Ernest Hemingway.
In the spring of 1926, Hadley Richardson, the first wife of Ernest
Hemingway,
became aware of Hemingway’s affair with Pauline, and in July, Pauline joined
the
couple
for their annual trip to Pamplona. On their return to Paris, Hadley and
Hemingway
decided to separate, and in November, Hadley formally requested a divorce.
They were
divorced in January 1927.
Hemingway married Pauline in May 1927, and they went to Le Grau-du-Roi
to
honeymoon. Pauline’s family was wealthy and Catholic; before the marriage,
Hemingway
converted to Catholicism. By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant,
wanted
to
move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left
Paris in
March
1928.
They had two sons, Patrick and Gregory. Hemingway drew upon Pfeiffer’s
difficult
labor with one son as the basis for his character Catherine’s death in A
Farewell to
Arms. Pfeiffer’s devout Roman Catholic beliefs led to her support of the
Nationalists
during the Spanish Civil War while Hemingway backed the Republicans.
In 1937, on a trip to Spain, Hemingway began an affair with Martha
Gellhorn.
Pfeiffer and he were divorced on November 4, 1940, and he married Gellhorn
three
weeks
later.
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound
Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was
an
expatriate American poet and critic, and a major figure in the early
modernist
poetry
movement. His contribution to poetry began with his development of Imagism,
a
movement
derived from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry, stressing clarity,
precision,
concision, and economy of language. His works include Ripostes (1912), Hugh
Selwyn
Mauberley (1920) and the unfinished 120-section epic, The Cantos
(1917–1969).
Pound worked in London during the early 20th century as foreign editor
of
several
American literary magazines and helped discover and shape the work of
contemporaries
such as T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Robert Frost and Ernest Hemingway. Angered
by the
carnage of World War I, Pound lost faith in Great Britain and blamed the war
on
usury
and international capitalism. He moved to Italy in 1924 and throughout the
1930s and
1940s embraced Benito Mussolini’s fascism, expressed support for Adolf
Hitler, and
wrote
for publications owned by the British fascist Sir Oswald Mosley. During
World War
II, he
was paid by the Italian government to make hundreds of radio broadcasts
criticizing
the
United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Jews, as a result of which he was
arrested
in
1945 by American forces in Italy on charges of treason. He spent months in
detention
in
a U.S. military camp in Pisa, including three weeks in a 6-by-6-foot (1.8 by
1.8 m)
outdoor steel cage, which he said triggered a mental breakdown: «when the
raft broke
and
the waters went over me». The following year he was deemed unfit to stand
trial, and
incarcerated in St. Elizabeths psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C., for
over 12
years.
Pound began work on sections of The Cantos while in custody in Italy.
These
parts
were published as The Pisan Cantos (1948), for which he was awarded the
Bollingen
Prize
in 1949 by the Library of Congress, leading to enormous controversy. Largely
due to
a
campaign by his fellow writers, he was released from St. Elizabeths in 1958
and
returned
to live in Italy until his death. His political views ensure that his work
remains
as
controversial now as it was during his lifetime; in 1933, Time magazine
called him
«a
cat that walks by himself, tenaciously unhousebroken and very unsafe for
children».
Hemingway wrote: «The best of Pound’s writing—and it is in the Cantos—will
last as
long
as there is any literature.»
Gertrude Stein
Gertrude
Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American novelist, poet,
playwright,
and
art collector. Born in the Allegheny West neighborhood of Pittsburgh and
raised in
Oakland, California, Stein moved to Paris in 1903 and made France her home
for the
remainder of her life. She hosted a Paris salon, where she would meet the
leading
figures of modernism in literature and art, such as Pablo Picasso, Ernest
Hemingway,
F.
Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson and Henri
Matisse.
Her activities during World War II have been the subject of analysis and
commentary.
As
a Jew living in Nazi-occupied France, Stein may have only been able to
sustain her
lifestyle as an art collector, and indeed to ensure her physical safety,
through the
protection of the powerful Vichy government official and Nazi collaborator
Bernard
Faÿ.
After the war ended, Stein expressed admiration for another Nazi
collaborator, Vichy
leader Marshal Pétain.
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an
American
fiction writer, whose works helped to illustrate the flamboyance and excess
of the
Jazz
Age. While he achieved popular success, fame, and fortune in his lifetime,
he did
not
receive much critical acclaim until after his death. Perhaps the most
notable member
of
the «Lost Generation» of the 1920s, Fitzgerald is now widely regarded as one
of the
greatest American writers of the 20th century. He finished four novels: This
Side of
Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby, and Tender Is the
Night. A
fifth,
unfinished novel, The Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Four
collections of
his
short stories were published, as well as 164 short stories in magazines
during his
lifetime.
Three Stories and Ten Poems
Three Stories and Ten Poems is a collection of short stories and poems by
Ernest
Hemingway. It was privately published in 1923 in a run of 300 copies by
Robert
McAlmon’s
«Contact Publishing» in Paris
The three stories are:
- «Up in Michigan»
- «Out of Season
- «My Old Man»
The ten poems are:
- «Mitraigliatrice»
- «Oklahoma»
- «Oily Weather»
- «Roosevelt»
- «Captives»
- «Champs d’Honneur»
- «Riparto d’Assalto»
- «Montparnasse»
- «Along With Youth»
- «Chapter Heading»
John Hadley Nicanor «Jack» Hemingway
John Hadley Nicanor «Jack» Hemingway (October 10, 1923 – December 1,
2000) was
a
Canadian-American fly fisherman, conservationist, and writer. He was the son
of
American
novelist and Nobel Prize-laureate, Ernest Hemingway.
Jack Hemingway was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the only child of
American
writer Ernest Hemingway and his first wife Hadley Richardson. He would later
gain
two
half-brothers, Patrick and Gregory, from Hemingway’s marriage to Pauline
Pfeiffer.
Throughout his life, Jack was considered by many to bear a strong
physical
resemblance to his father, but was more like his mother in temperament:
«good-natured
and even-tempered, and not particularly driven». He was named for his
mother, and
for
the Spanish matador Nicanor Villalta y Serrés, whom his father admired.
Gertrude
Stein
and Alice B. Toklas were his godparents. Nicknamed «Bumby» as a toddler by
his
mother
«because of his plump teddy-bear qualities», he spent his early years in
Paris and
the
Austrian Alps.
The Greco-Turkish War
The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the
Turkish
National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after World
War I
between May 1919 and October 1922.
The Greek campaign was launched primarily because the western Allies,
particularly
British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, had promised Greece territorial
gains at
the
expense of the Ottoman Empire, recently defeated in World War I, because
these lands
belonged to the Greek Civilization from ancient years, before the Ottomans
captured
the
area. The armed conflict started when the Greek forces landed in Smyrna (now
Izmir),
on
15 May 1919. They advanced inland and took control of the western and
northwestern
part
of Anatolia, including the cities of Manisa, Balıkesir, Aydın, Kütahya,
Bursa and
Eskişehir. Their advance was checked at the Battle of Sakarya in 1921 by
forces of
the
Turkish national movement. The Greek front collapsed with the Turkish
counter-attack
in
August 1922, and the war effectively ended with the recapture of Smyrna by
the
Turkish
forces and the Great Fire of Smyrna.
As a result, the Greek government accepted the demands of the Turkish
national
movement and returned to its pre-war borders, thus leaving East Thrace and
Western
Anatolia to Turkey. The Allies abandoned the Treaty of Sèvres to negotiate a
new
treaty
at Lausanne with the Turkish National Movement. The Treaty of Lausanne
recognized
the
independence of the Republic of Turkey and its sovereignty over Asia Minor,
Istanbul,
and Eastern Thrace. Greek and Turkish governments agreed to engage in a
population
exchange.
José Victoriano (Carmelo Carlos) González-Pérez
(23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris, was a Spanish
painter born
in
Madrid who lived and worked in France most of his life. Closely connected to
the
innovative artistic genre Cubism, his works are among the movement’s most
distinctive.
Gris was born in Madrid and later studied engineering at the Madrid School
of Arts
and
Sciences. There, from 1902 to 1904, he contributed drawings to local
periodicals.
From
1904 to 1905, he studied painting with the academic artist José Moreno
Carbonero. It
was
in 1905 that José Victoriano González adopted the more distinctive name Juan
Gris.
In 1909 Lucie Belin (1891–1942)—Gris’ first wife—gave birth to Georges
Gonzalez-Gris (1909–2003), the artist’s only child. They lived at the
Bateau-Lavoir,
13
Rue Ravignan, Paris, from 1909 to 1911. In 1912 Gris met Charlotte Augusta
Fernande
Herpin (1894–1983), also known as Josette. Josette Gris was Juan Gris’
second
companion
and unofficial wife.
Joan Miró i Ferrà
Joan Miró i Ferrà 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Spanish painter,
sculptor,
and
ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació
Joan
Miró,
was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the
Fundació
Pilar
i Joan Miró, was established in his adoptive city of Palma de Mallorca in
1981.
Earning international acclaim, his work has been interpreted as
Surrealism, a
sandbox for the subconscious mind, a re-creation of the childlike, and a
manifestation
of Catalan pride. In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró
expressed
contempt for conventional painting methods as a way of supporting bourgeois
society
and
declared an «assassination of painting» in favour of upsetting the visual
elements
of
established painting.
The Sun Also Rises
The Sun Also Rises is a 1926 novel by American Ernest Hemingway, portrays
American
and
British expatriates who travel from Paris to the Festival of San Fermín in
Pamplona
to
watch the running of the bulls and the bullfights. An early and enduring
modernist
novel, it received mixed reviews upon publication. However, Hemingway
biographer
Jeffrey
Meyers writes that it is now «recognized as Hemingway’s greatest work», and
Hemingway
scholar Linda Wagner-Martin calls it his most important novel. The novel was
published
in the United States in October 1926 by Scribner’s. A year later, Jonathan
Cape
published the novel in London under the title Fiesta. It remains in print.
Hemingway began writing the novel on his birthday—21 July—in 1925, and
finished
the draft manuscript barely two months later, in September. After setting
aside the
manuscript for a short period, he worked on revisions during the winter of
1926.
The basis for the novel was Hemingway’s trip to Spain in 1925. The
setting was
unique and memorable, depicting sordid café life in Paris and the excitement
of the
Pamplona festival, with a middle section devoted to descriptions of a
fishing trip
in
the Pyrenees. Hemingway’s sparse writing style, combined with his restrained
use of
description to convey characterizations and action, demonstrates his
«Iceberg
Theory» of
writing.
The novel is a roman à clef: the characters are based on real people
in
Hemingway’s circle, and the action is based on real events. Hemingway
presents his
notion that the «Lost Generation»—considered to have been decadent,
dissolute, and
irretrievably damaged by World War I—was, in fact, resilient and strong.
Hemingway
investigates the themes of love and death, the revivifying power of nature,
and the
concept of masculinity.
Pablo Ruiz Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter,
sculptor,
printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most
of his
adult
life in France. Regarded as one of the most influential artists of the 20th
century,
he
is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed
sculpture,
the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he
helped
develop
and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-CubistLes Demoiselles
d’Avignon
(1907), and Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica
by the
German and Italian airforces during the Spanish Civil War.
Picasso
demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a
naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first
decade
of
the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different
theories,
techniques, and ideas. After 1906, the Fauvist work of the slightly older
artist
Henri
Matisse motivated Picasso to explore more radical styles, beginning a
fruitful
rivalry
between the two artists, who subsequently were often paired by critics as
the
leaders of
modern art.
Picasso’s work is often categorized into periods. While the names of
many of
his
later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work
are the
Blue
Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced
Period
(1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919),
also
referred to as the Crystal period. Much of Picasso’s work of the late 1910s
and
early
1920s is in a neoclassical style, and his work in the mid-1920s often has
characteristics of Surrealism. His later work often combines elements of his
earlier
styles.
Exceptionally prolific throughout the course of his long life, Picasso
achieved
universal renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic
accomplishments
and
became one of the best-known figures in 20th-century art.
The Latin Quarter of Paris
(French: Quartier Latin) is an area in the 5th and the 6th arrondissements
of Paris.
It
is situated on the left bank of the Seine, around the Sorbonne.
Known for its student life, lively atmosphere, and bistros, the Latin
Quarter
is
the
home to a number of higher education establishments besides the university
itself,
such
as the École Normale Supérieure, the École des Mines de Paris,
Panthéon-Assas
University, the Schola Cantorum, and the Jussieu university campus.
Other
establishments
such as the École Polytechnique have relocated in recent times to more
spacious
settings. The area gets its name from the Latin language, which was widely
spoken in
and
around the University during the Middle Ages, after the twelfth-century
philosopher
Pierre Abélard and his students took up residence there.
Montparnasse Quarter
Montparnasse is an area of Paris, France, on the left bank of the river
Seine,
centred
at the crossroads of the Boulevard du Montparnasse and the Rue de Rennes,
between
the
Rue de Rennes and boulevard Raspail. Montparnasse has been part of Paris
since 1669.
The
Pasteur Institute is located in the area. Beneath the ground, there are
tunnels of
the
Catacombs of Paris.
Students in the 17th century who came to recite poetry in the hilly
neighbourhood
nicknamed it after «Mount Parnassus», home to the nine Muses of arts and
sciences in
Greek mythology.
The hill was levelled to construct the Boulevard Montparnasse in the 18th
century.
During the French Revolution, many dance halls and cabarets opened their
doors.
The area is also known for cafés and bars, such as the Breton restaurants
specialising
in crêpes (thin pancakes) located a few blocks from the Gare Montparnasse.
The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation is the generation that came of age during World War I.
«Lost» in
this context also means «disoriented, wandering, directionless»—a
recognition that
there
were great confusion and aimlessness among the war’s survivors in the early
post-war
years.» The term is particularly used to refer to a group of artists, and
particularly
American expatriate writers, living in Paris during the 1920s. Gertrude
Stein is
credited with coining the term; it was subsequently popularized by Ernest
Hemingway
who
used it in the epigraph for his 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises: «You are all
a lost
generation.» The generation is described as the cohort born between 1883 and
1900.
Since
the death of Nabi Tajima (4 August 1900 – 21 April 2018), this generation is
fully
ancestral.
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the most populous city in
Canada,
with
a population of 2,731,571 in 2016. Current to 2016, the Toronto census
metropolitan
area
(CMA), of which the majority is within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), held
a
population
of 5,928,040, making it Canada’s most populous CMA. Toronto is the fastest
growing
city
in North America and is the anchor of an urban agglomeration, known as the
Golden
Horseshoe in Southern Ontario, located on the northwestern shore of Lake
Ontario.
Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture,
and is
recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the
world
Toronto was an exciting city in the 1920s. 
The Great War was over, and soon
after the
city
was booming. We can trace many milestones back to this decade, including the
birth
of
the TTC, the opening of Union Station and the population passing the half
million
mark.
The city was heavily industrialized during this period, and technological
advances
were
everywhere as the number of automobiles grew and the first traffic lights
were
installed. Buildings got taller and residential areas were pushed away from
downtown.
Toronto also started to have more fun in the 1920s. The city began the
decade under
prohibition, but the province repealed the Temperance Act in 1927. Movie
theatres
got
sound for the first time and then popped up all over the city. Sunnyside
Amusement
Park
drew huge crowds.
There certainly wasn’t as much to do as there is today, but increasingly
Toronto was
coming into its own as a big city.
Chicago 1920s
During
World War I
and
the 1920s there was a major expansion in the industry. The availability of
jobs
attracted African Americans from the Southern United States. Between 1910
and 1930,
the
African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103
to
233,903.
This Great Migration had an immense cultural impact, called the Chicago
Black
Renaissance, part of the New Negro Movement, in art, literature, and music.
Continuing
racial
tensions and violence, such as the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, also occurred.
The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the
production
and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the
United
States.
This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the Gangster Era, a time
that
roughly
spans from 1919 until 1933 when Prohibition was repealed. The 1920s saw
gangsters,
including Al Capone, Dion O’Banion, Bugs Moran and Tony Accardo battle law
enforcement
and each other on the streets of Chicago during the Prohibition era. Chicago
was the
location of the infamous St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929, when Al
Capone sent
men
to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.
The Toronto Star
The Toronto Star is a
Canadian
broadsheet daily newspaper. Based on 2015 statistics, it is Canada’s
highest-circulation
newspaper on overall weekly circulation; although it is a close second to
The Globe
and
Mail in daily circulation on weekdays, it overtakes the Globe in weekly
circulation
because the Globe does not publish a Sunday edition. The Toronto Star is
owned by
Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation and
part of
Torstar’s Daily News Brands division.
The Star (originally
known as
the
Evening Star and then the Toronto Daily Star) was created in 1892 by
striking
Toronto
News printers and writers, led by future Mayor of Toronto and social
reformer
Horatio
Clarence Hocken, who became the newspaper’s founder, along with another
future
mayor,
Jimmy Simpson.
From 1922 to 1933, the Star was also a radio broadcaster on its station
CFCA,
broadcasting on a wavelength of 400 metres (749.48 kHz), whose coverage was
complementary to the paper’s reporting. The station was closed following the
establishment of the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission and the
introduction of
a
government policy that, in essence, restricted private stations to an
effective
radiated
power of 100 watts. The Star would continue to supply sponsored content to
the
CRBC’s
CRCT station (which later became CBC station CBL), an arrangement that
lasted until
1946.
Sherwood Anderson
Sherwood Anderson
(September
13,
1876 – March 8, 1941) was an American novelist and short story writer, known
for
subjective and self-revealing works. Self-educated, he rose to become a
successful
copywriter and business owner in Cleveland and Elyria, Ohio. In 1912,
Anderson had a
nervous breakdown that led him to abandon his business and family to become
a
writer.
At the time, he moved to Chicago and was eventually married three additional
times.
His
most enduring work is the short story sequence Winesburg, Ohio, which
launched his
career. Throughout the 1920s, Anderson published several short story
collections,
novels, memoirs, books of essays, and a book of poetry. Though his books
sold
reasonably
well, Dark Laughter (1925), a novel inspired by Anderson’s time in New
Orleans
during
the 1920s, was his only bestseller.
Upper Peninsula
The Upper
Peninsula
(UP), also known as Upper Michigan, is northern of the two major peninsulas
that
make up
the U.S. state of Michigan. The peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake
Superior,
on
the east by the St. Marys River, and on the south by Lake Michigan, the
Straits of
Mackinac, and Lake Huron. Topographically, the base of the Upper Peninsula
as a
geologic
feature lies in northeastern Wisconsin between the base of the Door
Peninsula and
Superior Bay; but in political geography, because most of the peninsula is
within
the
boundaries of Michigan, it is measured eastward from the Porcupine
Mountains, from
the
Wisconsin-Michigan boundary along and between the Montreal and Menominee
rivers.
«Big Two-Hearted River»
«Big Two-Hearted
River» is a
two-part short story written by American author Ernest Hemingway, published
in the
1925
Boni & Liveright edition of In Our Time, the first American volume of
Hemingway’s
short
stories. It features a single protagonist, Hemingway’s recurrent
autobiographical
character Nick Adams, whose speaking voice is heard just three times. The
story
explores
the destructive qualities of war which is countered by the healing and
regenerative
powers of nature. When it was published, critics praised Hemingway’s sparse
writing
style and it became an important work in his canon.
The story is one of Hemingway’s earliest pieces to employ his Iceberg Theory
of
writing;
a modernist approach to prose in which the underlying meaning is hinted at,
rather
than
explicitly stated. «Big Two-Hearted River» is almost exclusively descriptive
and
intentionally devoid of plot. Hemingway was influenced by the visual
innovations of
Cézanne’s paintings and adapted the painter’s idea of presenting background
minutiae
in
lower focus than the main image. In this story, the small details of a
fishing trip
are
explored in great depth, while the landscape setting, and most obviously the
swamp,
are
given cursory attention.
Nicholas Adams
Nicholas Adams is a
fictional
character, the protagonist of two dozen short stories and vignettes written
in the
1920s
and 1930s by American author Ernest Hemingway. Adams is partly inspired by
Hemingway’s
own experiences, from his summers in Northern Michigan to his service in the
Red
Cross
ambulance corps in World War I. The first of Hemingway’s stories to feature
Nick
Adams
were published in his 1925 collection In Our Time, with Adams appearing as a
young
child
in the collection’s first story, «Indian Camp».
Most of these stories were later collected in a 1972 book, published after
Hemingway’s
death, titled The Nick Adams Stories. They are, for the most part, stories
of
initiation
and adolescence. Taken as a whole, as in The Nick Adams Stories, they
chronicle a
young
man’s coming of age in a series of linked episodes. The stories are grouped
according to
major time periods in Nick’s life.
Elizabeth Hadley Richardson
Elizabeth Hadley
Richardson
(November 9, 1891 – January 22, 1979) was the first wife of American author
Ernest
Hemingway. The two married in 1921 after a courtship of less than a year and
moved
to
Paris within months of being married. In Paris, Hemingway pursued a writing
career,
and
through him, Hadley met other expatriate British and American writers.
In 1925, Hadley learned of Hemingway’s affair with Pauline Pfeiffer.
Pfeiffer had
been
Hadley’s best friend and had lived and travelled with the Hemingways. In
1933 Hadley
married a second time, to journalist Paul Mowrer, whom she met in Paris.
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